Reshaping the way we think about computing by introducing the world to a new generation of languages, the 2nd generation of programming language was born between 1959 and 1964. These languages were largely used for scientific and business computing and provided a number of advantages over their predecessors, allowing them to become hugely popular among mainstream users. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most popular languages that were developed during this period and the features they offer.
FORTRAN
Released by IBM in 1957, FORTRAN (short for FORmula TRANslation) was one of the earliest higher-level programming languages designed to make the programming process easier for humans. Using its built-in library of commands, FORTRAN enabled scientists and mathematicians to write simple codes that could be used for scientific computing on computers. The language is still used for scientific computing today due to its ability to quickly process large amounts of data and its integration with other scientific software.
COBOL
COBOL (short for Common Business Oriented Language) was developed by a committee of computer vendors and users in 1959 as a programming language specifically designed for business data processing applications. COBOL is unique compared to other programming languages in that it has an English-like syntax that makes it easy to read and understand. It also has extensive library commands, which allow it to access files, sort records, and effectively handle data. Despite its age, COBOL remains a popular choice for business computing applications and is still used by many businesses today.
ALGOL
ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language) was created in 1958 by a group of computer scientists in Europe with the intention of creating a standard programming language. The language differed from FORTRAN and COBOL in that it was designed to work with all types of computers, not just business computers. ALGOL has a very strict syntax and is based on a set of mathematical rules, which made it well-suited for engineering and scientific applications. Although ALGOL eventually fell out of popularity in the 1970s, its syntax and mathematics-based structure inspired many of the modern programming languages used today.
PL/I
PL/I (short for Programming Language/One) was released by IBM in 1964 and was designed as an all-purpose language that could do everything from handling complex business applications to performing simple calculations. The language is based on the concepts of structured programming and makes it easy for developers to write programs that are easier to read and understand. PL/I remains in use today, particularly for data processing applications that require complex logic.
The 2nd generation of programming languages have had a huge influence on computing and have reshaped the way developers write code. From its introduction of structured programming to its human-readable English-like syntax, these languages have enabled developers to create powerful applications with ease. As a result, they remain popular among business and scientific users and continue to be used in a variety of applications today.
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